Psy 360 Language Essay - 1417 Words

Language Essay Ryan Butler Psychology 360 August 29, 2011 Professor Newlin LANGUAGE Have you ever wondered how we speak? How about why our communication is considered a language and other animal’s communication is not considered language? A wide range of beliefs exist on what defines language. Thus, by exploring the definition of language and lexicon, evaluating language’s key features, the four levels of language structure and processing, and the role of language in Cognitive Psychology, an understanding of what language is becomes clear. Let us begin by defining language and a term named lexicon. LANGUAGE AND LEXICON DEFINITION One big question, when the subject of language comes up, is exactly what language is. What†¦show more content†¦of a word. Also, the Yerkes (2011) text defines Lexicology as a study focusing on the meaning of words. Thus, we see a lexicon as an area in the human brain which stores the meaning, and all aspects, associated with a word. However, to reach the point where a lexicon may be used language must be acquired. To acquire such a skill, one must master the four levels associated with language. FOUR LEVELS OF LANGUAGE To constitute what a language is, four levels of language structure have been established. Specifically, these levels of analysis include phenomes, words, sentences and texts. According to the Willingham (2007) text, phenomes are a small unit of sound which make up a word. A potential problem is if these words are mispronounced. For example, slang changes from one area to another. When a person is thrown a new word, it throws them off on the rest of the topic. If I say Im fixin to go downtown, some may only know fixin as literally fixing something and not preparing or getting ready as fixin means in this context. This non familiar use of a word may be confusing to oneself, but to the person saying the word, â€Å"fixin† is a lexicon built into a vocabulary. Accents of foreigners may be another potential barrier. By mishearing these phenomes and not understanding language due to this deficit, obtaining meaningful language is difficult. Words themselves, and specifical ly the separation of words, may be another potential barrier to languageShow MoreRelatedFate and Destiny7886 Words   |  32 Pagesmeans â€Å"to ordain, to devote, to consecrate† and is connected to the word destination, suggesting that destiny \\server05\productn\T\THE\26-1-2\THE1203.txt unknown Seq: 2 26-FEB-07 9:49 206 Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psy. Vol. 26, 2006 includes both a direction and a plan (p. 89). Bollas states that â€Å"[D]estiny is linked to actions rather than words. If fate emerges from the word of the gods, than destiny is a preordained path that man can fulfill† (p. 32). In EnglishRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestraining becomes crucial to acquaint new employees with their jobs and the McDonald’s philosophy of customer service and quality. McDonald’s has taken its Hamburger University curriculum from the United States and translated it into 22 different languages to use in training centers throughout the world. Once training has been done for trainers and managers, they then conduct training for all employees selected to work at McDonald’s locations in the foreign countries.54 Questions 1. Identify cultural

The Impact Of Expansionary Monetary Policy During The...

The 2008 Great Recession has been declared by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the worst global recession of the 20th century since the Great Depression [1]. After eight years, global economies today continue to struggle to find sustainable recovery and robust growth. The crisis was a massive institutional failure that involved the bursting of the asset bubble, the collapse of the stock market, and the moribund employment rate among others. The crisis has since triggered economists, governments, and financial institutions to critically revisit their standard models and to question whether the understanding of the inflation-targeting framework (i.e. the Monetary Policy) may be fundamentally flawed (inflation is the percentage rate of change in the general price level). This paper will explore and critically evaluate the effectiveness of expansionary monetary policy during the Great Recession by taking a closer look at the pre-crisis view of monetary policy (prior to 2007), its role during the 2008 crisis, and ultimately, aim to draw on the lessons learnt to formulate conclusions (as well as identify areas of limitations) and shed insight on potential next steps. More specifically, the paper will probe further to ask how central banks can improve their role in financial supervision and to make inferences about whether monetary policy is the right (best) framework going forward. While the main focus will be on the economy of the United States, simple flow diagrams andShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Reserve And Expansionary Monetary Policy1657 Words   |  7 Pagesstable, like during a recession, the American people turn the government and demand that they fix whatever problem is occurring. The government can handle the economy in a recessionary period in one of two ways: expansionary fiscal policy or expansionary monetary policy. The sector of the government that handles the economy using these policies in a recession is the Federal Reserve. The best course o f action to get the United States out of a recession is to use expansionary monetary policy. In orderRead MoreDemand Side Policies And The Great Recession1191 Words   |  5 Pages DEMAND-SIDE POLICIES AND THE GREAT RECESSION OF 2008 TIMOTHY W. AUSTIN AMU/APUS ECON102 MACROECONOMICS DR. FREDERIC BOUCHET MARCH 25, 2016 INTRODUCTION According to Investopedia, â€Å"a recession is a significant decline in activity across the economy, lasting longer than a few months.† Technically a recession is viewed and measured by evaluating and verifying negative growth in a nations’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for two successive quarters. A recession can be seen when there is a declineRead MoreKeynesian Theory During The Great Depression949 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Keynesian theory during the Great Depression, there was a continuous rivalry between Keynesians and monetarists. The ongoing debate was about which model can most accurately and correctly explain economic instability and which theory provides the best suggestions on how to achieve constant and steady economic growth. There are fundamental differences in these two approaches, for example over the usefulness of government intervention through fiscal policies, monetary aggregates and money marketRead MoreFiscal Policy And Monetary Policy1735 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic money better to improve our situation. Looking at the two expansionary which is fiscal and monetary policy to find out a way to find the economic. It is macroeconomic policy that pursues to enlarge the money supply to boost economic growth or combat inflation. One of the form is fiscal policy of expansionary policy, which comes in the method of tax cuts, discounts and increased government spending. Expansionary policies do come from central banks, which focus on cumulative the money supplyRead MoreThe Great Recession Of 20081123 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Recession of 2008 Debra Turner ECON 102 Professor, Shahrokh American Public University September 26, 2015 â€Æ' The Great Recession of 2008 Recession is a significant decline in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale/retail sales, which last more than a few months. (Economic recession, n.d.) 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Since the Great Depression breakdown that occurred in late 2007, that brought everything from job loss, to jobs shortage, busting of an 8 trillion dollars housing bubble, falling income and rising poverty; we still asking these questions to economists, the government and ourselves. But technically we are not in recession anymore. Economist would said that we are in recessions if for two consecutiveRead MoreFinancial Crisis During World War II1119 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The â€Å"Great Recession,† the name given to the financial crisis that occurred in the United States between 2007 and 2009, saw the biggest contraction of the US economy since World War II. Real GDP fell as sharply as a -6.4% annual rates and unemployment rose above ten percent in the aftermath of the crisis. The primary culprit of the Great Recession was the US housing market. New financial instruments that allowed for lending to subprime customers, along with deregulation of the bankingRead MoreTwo Of The Most Implemented Policies Government Use To Achieve Economic Growth Are Monetary Policy And Fiscal Policy1667 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction According to a article by Rich Karlgaard from forbes. During the great recession. U.S economy was performing better then expected and was growing. From 2008 to 2010, U.S GDP is projected at 14.3 trillion, 14.2 trillion, 14.6 trillion. So how did this actually happen? Carl Schramm, who heads America’s top entrepreneurial think tank, the Kauffman Foundation, explain in a interview with the author: â€Å"The single most important contributor to a nation’s economic growth is the number of startups

Nicotine Use Disorder Essay Example For Students

Nicotine Use Disorder Essay My presentation is on Nicotine Use Disorder. It falls under substance related disorders in the DSM IV and is defined as, â€Å"The disorders related to the taking of a drug of abuse (Including Alcohol), to the side effects of a medication and to toxin exposure†. Let me first start with a brief introduction of smoking (the number one nicotine related killer) and some statistical data retrieved from the US Centers For Disease Control. Tobacco smoking is the number one cause of reversible mortalities in the United States. Tobacco use is related to 400,000 deaths annually in the United States. A person who smokes one pack a day has an average life expectancy 5 years less than a nonsmoker, and for a two pack a day smoker, 7 years less. Smoking is responsible for 30 percent of all cancers in the general population and 90 percent of all lung cancers in men and 79 percent in women. It also triplicates the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. There is also an increased risk of emphysema and bronchitis. However, nicotine dependence applies to all forms of tobacco to include cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff, pipes and cigars. It can also include prescription medications such as the nicotine gum and patch. The relative ability to produce dependence depends on the method of administration (smoked, oral or transdermal) and is also dependent on the nicotine content of the product. Contrary to some of the other substanc e related disorders, not all substance related dependence criteria apply to nicotine. Tolerance is usually observed as having a more intense effect the first time it is used during the day (The â€Å"Morning Smoke†) and the lack of dizziness and nausea after repeated administration. Another sign with individuals who use nicotine is the likeliness to find they use up their supply of nicotine producing drugs faster than they originally intended. I’m sure you have all heard the phrase, â€Å"Can I bum a smoke?†. Nicotine dependence is more common among individuals with other mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Depending on the geographical segment of society studied, anywhere from 55 percent to 90 percent of individuals with other mental disorders smoke compared to 30 percent in the general population. Mood, Anxiety, and other related disorders are more prominent in those who are ex-smokers as well. This is a good basis for the theory that withdrawal effects ca n last well beyond the usual month of physical craving. With all the dangers associated with nicotine abuse, the question that begs to be asked is, â€Å"Why do people continue to use nicotine?†. In an independent study, 80 percent of individuals who use nicotine express a desire to quit and 35 percent make an attempt each year. Of that 35 percent though, only a meager 5 percent are successful in quitting â€Å"Cold Turkey†. One suggestion is that the individual feels he or she would have to give up important social, occupational, or recreational activities and is not willing to do so. Perhaps it masks another possible social disorder? Continued use despite obvious knowledge of medical problems is an important health problem plaguing society today. When an individual with nicotine use disorder attempts to quit, they go through a withdrawal phase that meets the following diagnostic criteria per the DSM IV:A.) Daily use of nicotine for at least several weeksB.) Abrupt cessation of nicotine use, or reduction in the amount of nicotine used, followed within 24 hours by four or more of the following signs:1.) Dysphoric or depressed mood3.) Irritability, frustration, or anger8.) Increased appetite or weight gainC.) The symptoms in Criteria B cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .postImageUrl , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:hover , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:visited , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:active { border:0!important; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:active , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: European Union (783 words) EssayThe symptoms mentioned above are due in a large part due to nicotine deprivation and are typically more intense in people who smoke cigarettes than people who use other products containing nicotine. In most people who quit smoking their heart rates dropped 5 to 10 Beats per Minute in the first few days of quitting smoking and their weight increased 5 lbs on average. The biggest factor in nicotine withdrawal tends to be the craving. This tends to be the most difficult aspect to overcome. However most symptoms

Causes and Ways to Reduce Fatal Accidents free essay sample

Accidents involving fatalities during the festive seasons has increased drastically. We should take this as a serious matter as it brings a lot of negative impacts to the road users and people around us. Based on a survey which has been conducted recently, the number of road accidents in 2013 has increased about 25 percent compared to last few years. Authorities believe that the number of death toll in road accidents will increase continuously throughout the year if there is no strict rules are imposed. There are many reasons why there has been an increase in fatal accidents over the year. Firstly, drunk drinking is the main reason that causes road accidents. Intake of certain amount of alcoholic drinks will make one feel unconscious and unwell. When he or she lapses into unconsciousness, he or she might not be able to drive with a sober mind. This is because their mental power is unable to function well at that moment and they tend to lose their senses as well . We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and Ways to Reduce Fatal Accidents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides that, negligence and reckless driving also cause fatal accidents. Reckless drivers usually like to break rules and even tend to challenge the police officers. Some the drivers like to tail along ambulances during emergency cases when the siren is on. Those are the irresponsible road users that should be suspended or fined . On the other hand, talking or messaging on the mobile phones while during driving is jeopardizing your own life and the lives of your loved ones. People like to use their phones to chat incessantly and keep looking at their phones every second. Sometimes, we should limit oneself not overuse it especially when you are driving. Road users should always be caution and pay full attention while behind the wheels. In addition, exhaustion and tiredness can cause road tragedy. When a person travels long distance to reach the respective destinations, they will feel drowsy and exhausted which make them to lose focus on driving. Some of them even fall asleep behind the steering wheel. In order to avoid any untoward  tragedy, one should get enough rest before starting your jorney. Also, do not take any medicine while driving on the road. There are many ways to overcome the fatal incidents. Government should remind all road users to always adhere to speed limit and not to beat the red light. Observation of traffic rules and regulations will ensure a safe journey. Government should also launch some campaigns in order to develop awareness among the motorists. In a nutshell, all parties should play their parts efficiently in order to reduce the road accidents. All Malaysian drivers are urged to practice courtesy and consideration at all times while on the road because millions of vehicles will be sharing the same road. Remember, better to be safe than sorry.