Psy 360 Language Essay - 1417 Words

Language Essay Ryan Butler Psychology 360 August 29, 2011 Professor Newlin LANGUAGE Have you ever wondered how we speak? How about why our communication is considered a language and other animal’s communication is not considered language? A wide range of beliefs exist on what defines language. Thus, by exploring the definition of language and lexicon, evaluating language’s key features, the four levels of language structure and processing, and the role of language in Cognitive Psychology, an understanding of what language is becomes clear. Let us begin by defining language and a term named lexicon. LANGUAGE AND LEXICON DEFINITION One big question, when the subject of language comes up, is exactly what language is. What†¦show more content†¦of a word. Also, the Yerkes (2011) text defines Lexicology as a study focusing on the meaning of words. Thus, we see a lexicon as an area in the human brain which stores the meaning, and all aspects, associated with a word. However, to reach the point where a lexicon may be used language must be acquired. To acquire such a skill, one must master the four levels associated with language. FOUR LEVELS OF LANGUAGE To constitute what a language is, four levels of language structure have been established. Specifically, these levels of analysis include phenomes, words, sentences and texts. According to the Willingham (2007) text, phenomes are a small unit of sound which make up a word. A potential problem is if these words are mispronounced. For example, slang changes from one area to another. When a person is thrown a new word, it throws them off on the rest of the topic. If I say Im fixin to go downtown, some may only know fixin as literally fixing something and not preparing or getting ready as fixin means in this context. This non familiar use of a word may be confusing to oneself, but to the person saying the word, â€Å"fixin† is a lexicon built into a vocabulary. Accents of foreigners may be another potential barrier. By mishearing these phenomes and not understanding language due to this deficit, obtaining meaningful language is difficult. Words themselves, and specifical ly the separation of words, may be another potential barrier to languageShow MoreRelatedFate and Destiny7886 Words   |  32 Pagesmeans â€Å"to ordain, to devote, to consecrate† and is connected to the word destination, suggesting that destiny \\server05\productn\T\THE\26-1-2\THE1203.txt unknown Seq: 2 26-FEB-07 9:49 206 Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psy. Vol. 26, 2006 includes both a direction and a plan (p. 89). Bollas states that â€Å"[D]estiny is linked to actions rather than words. If fate emerges from the word of the gods, than destiny is a preordained path that man can fulfill† (p. 32). In EnglishRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestraining becomes crucial to acquaint new employees with their jobs and the McDonald’s philosophy of customer service and quality. McDonald’s has taken its Hamburger University curriculum from the United States and translated it into 22 different languages to use in training centers throughout the world. Once training has been done for trainers and managers, they then conduct training for all employees selected to work at McDonald’s locations in the foreign countries.54 Questions 1. Identify cultural

The Impact Of Expansionary Monetary Policy During The...

The 2008 Great Recession has been declared by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the worst global recession of the 20th century since the Great Depression [1]. After eight years, global economies today continue to struggle to find sustainable recovery and robust growth. The crisis was a massive institutional failure that involved the bursting of the asset bubble, the collapse of the stock market, and the moribund employment rate among others. The crisis has since triggered economists, governments, and financial institutions to critically revisit their standard models and to question whether the understanding of the inflation-targeting framework (i.e. the Monetary Policy) may be fundamentally flawed (inflation is the percentage rate of change in the general price level). This paper will explore and critically evaluate the effectiveness of expansionary monetary policy during the Great Recession by taking a closer look at the pre-crisis view of monetary policy (prior to 2007), its role during the 2008 crisis, and ultimately, aim to draw on the lessons learnt to formulate conclusions (as well as identify areas of limitations) and shed insight on potential next steps. More specifically, the paper will probe further to ask how central banks can improve their role in financial supervision and to make inferences about whether monetary policy is the right (best) framework going forward. While the main focus will be on the economy of the United States, simple flow diagrams andShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Reserve And Expansionary Monetary Policy1657 Words   |  7 Pagesstable, like during a recession, the American people turn the government and demand that they fix whatever problem is occurring. The government can handle the economy in a recessionary period in one of two ways: expansionary fiscal policy or expansionary monetary policy. The sector of the government that handles the economy using these policies in a recession is the Federal Reserve. The best course o f action to get the United States out of a recession is to use expansionary monetary policy. In orderRead MoreDemand Side Policies And The Great Recession1191 Words   |  5 Pages DEMAND-SIDE POLICIES AND THE GREAT RECESSION OF 2008 TIMOTHY W. AUSTIN AMU/APUS ECON102 MACROECONOMICS DR. FREDERIC BOUCHET MARCH 25, 2016 INTRODUCTION According to Investopedia, â€Å"a recession is a significant decline in activity across the economy, lasting longer than a few months.† Technically a recession is viewed and measured by evaluating and verifying negative growth in a nations’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for two successive quarters. A recession can be seen when there is a declineRead MoreKeynesian Theory During The Great Depression949 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Keynesian theory during the Great Depression, there was a continuous rivalry between Keynesians and monetarists. The ongoing debate was about which model can most accurately and correctly explain economic instability and which theory provides the best suggestions on how to achieve constant and steady economic growth. There are fundamental differences in these two approaches, for example over the usefulness of government intervention through fiscal policies, monetary aggregates and money marketRead MoreFiscal Policy And Monetary Policy1735 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic money better to improve our situation. Looking at the two expansionary which is fiscal and monetary policy to find out a way to find the economic. It is macroeconomic policy that pursues to enlarge the money supply to boost economic growth or combat inflation. One of the form is fiscal policy of expansionary policy, which comes in the method of tax cuts, discounts and increased government spending. Expansionary policies do come from central banks, which focus on cumulative the money supplyRead MoreThe Great Recession Of 20081123 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Recession of 2008 Debra Turner ECON 102 Professor, Shahrokh American Public University September 26, 2015 â€Æ' The Great Recession of 2008 Recession is a significant decline in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale/retail sales, which last more than a few months. (Economic recession, n.d.) Further, a recession typically begins after a peak in the economy and ends at the trough, however, â€Å"the start and end dates are determined by the Business Cycle DatingRead MoreEconomic Policies, Fiscal Policy And The Monetary Policy2470 Words   |  10 Pages A recession does not just affect the lives of the people in the country that is having a downturn in there economy but also it affect the global economy. The United States have had several economy catastrophes that almost crippled the United State and the rest of the world causing the government to act fast to slow down the economic downward spiral. The United States’ government throughout history has attempted to develop plans to slow down or prevent the country from having a complete economicRead MoreGovernment Policies And The Economy Of A Country2228 Words   |  9 PagesThe objective of this essay is to analyse the use of the government’s different policies to manage the economy of a country including all the different parties and industries involved. This essay is going to discuss the two main policies; Monetary and Fiscal, including their objectives, instruments and examples of implementations carried out. To begin with, macroeconomics analysis deals with the aggregate economic variables. It is concerned with the economy of the whole country and the measures theRead MoreAre We A Double Dip Recession?2132 Words   |  9 Pageswe in a double dip recession? Or is the recession finally over? Is economic recovery finally happening? Since the Great Depression breakdown that occurred in late 2007, that brought everything from job loss, to jobs shortage, busting of an 8 trillion dollars housing bubble, falling income and rising poverty; we still asking these questions to economists, the government and ourselves. But technically we are not in recession anymore. Economist would said that we are in recessions if for two consecutiveRead MoreFinancial Crisis During World War II1119 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The â€Å"Great Recession,† the name given to the financial crisis that occurred in the United States between 2007 and 2009, saw the biggest contraction of the US economy since World War II. Real GDP fell as sharply as a -6.4% annual rates and unemployment rose above ten percent in the aftermath of the crisis. The primary culprit of the Great Recession was the US housing market. New financial instruments that allowed for lending to subprime customers, along with deregulation of the bankingRead MoreTwo Of The Most Implemented Policies Government Use To Achieve Economic Growth Are Monetary Policy And Fiscal Policy1667 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction According to a article by Rich Karlgaard from forbes. During the great recession. U.S economy was performing better then expected and was growing. From 2008 to 2010, U.S GDP is projected at 14.3 trillion, 14.2 trillion, 14.6 trillion. So how did this actually happen? Carl Schramm, who heads America’s top entrepreneurial think tank, the Kauffman Foundation, explain in a interview with the author: â€Å"The single most important contributor to a nation’s economic growth is the number of startups

Nicotine Use Disorder Essay Example For Students

Nicotine Use Disorder Essay My presentation is on Nicotine Use Disorder. It falls under substance related disorders in the DSM IV and is defined as, â€Å"The disorders related to the taking of a drug of abuse (Including Alcohol), to the side effects of a medication and to toxin exposure†. Let me first start with a brief introduction of smoking (the number one nicotine related killer) and some statistical data retrieved from the US Centers For Disease Control. Tobacco smoking is the number one cause of reversible mortalities in the United States. Tobacco use is related to 400,000 deaths annually in the United States. A person who smokes one pack a day has an average life expectancy 5 years less than a nonsmoker, and for a two pack a day smoker, 7 years less. Smoking is responsible for 30 percent of all cancers in the general population and 90 percent of all lung cancers in men and 79 percent in women. It also triplicates the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. There is also an increased risk of emphysema and bronchitis. However, nicotine dependence applies to all forms of tobacco to include cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff, pipes and cigars. It can also include prescription medications such as the nicotine gum and patch. The relative ability to produce dependence depends on the method of administration (smoked, oral or transdermal) and is also dependent on the nicotine content of the product. Contrary to some of the other substanc e related disorders, not all substance related dependence criteria apply to nicotine. Tolerance is usually observed as having a more intense effect the first time it is used during the day (The â€Å"Morning Smoke†) and the lack of dizziness and nausea after repeated administration. Another sign with individuals who use nicotine is the likeliness to find they use up their supply of nicotine producing drugs faster than they originally intended. I’m sure you have all heard the phrase, â€Å"Can I bum a smoke?†. Nicotine dependence is more common among individuals with other mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Depending on the geographical segment of society studied, anywhere from 55 percent to 90 percent of individuals with other mental disorders smoke compared to 30 percent in the general population. Mood, Anxiety, and other related disorders are more prominent in those who are ex-smokers as well. This is a good basis for the theory that withdrawal effects ca n last well beyond the usual month of physical craving. With all the dangers associated with nicotine abuse, the question that begs to be asked is, â€Å"Why do people continue to use nicotine?†. In an independent study, 80 percent of individuals who use nicotine express a desire to quit and 35 percent make an attempt each year. Of that 35 percent though, only a meager 5 percent are successful in quitting â€Å"Cold Turkey†. One suggestion is that the individual feels he or she would have to give up important social, occupational, or recreational activities and is not willing to do so. Perhaps it masks another possible social disorder? Continued use despite obvious knowledge of medical problems is an important health problem plaguing society today. When an individual with nicotine use disorder attempts to quit, they go through a withdrawal phase that meets the following diagnostic criteria per the DSM IV:A.) Daily use of nicotine for at least several weeksB.) Abrupt cessation of nicotine use, or reduction in the amount of nicotine used, followed within 24 hours by four or more of the following signs:1.) Dysphoric or depressed mood3.) Irritability, frustration, or anger8.) Increased appetite or weight gainC.) The symptoms in Criteria B cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .postImageUrl , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:hover , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:visited , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:active { border:0!important; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:active , .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4 .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5c456a37c4c334eca674f2da20071f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: European Union (783 words) EssayThe symptoms mentioned above are due in a large part due to nicotine deprivation and are typically more intense in people who smoke cigarettes than people who use other products containing nicotine. In most people who quit smoking their heart rates dropped 5 to 10 Beats per Minute in the first few days of quitting smoking and their weight increased 5 lbs on average. The biggest factor in nicotine withdrawal tends to be the craving. This tends to be the most difficult aspect to overcome. However most symptoms

Causes and Ways to Reduce Fatal Accidents free essay sample

Accidents involving fatalities during the festive seasons has increased drastically. We should take this as a serious matter as it brings a lot of negative impacts to the road users and people around us. Based on a survey which has been conducted recently, the number of road accidents in 2013 has increased about 25 percent compared to last few years. Authorities believe that the number of death toll in road accidents will increase continuously throughout the year if there is no strict rules are imposed. There are many reasons why there has been an increase in fatal accidents over the year. Firstly, drunk drinking is the main reason that causes road accidents. Intake of certain amount of alcoholic drinks will make one feel unconscious and unwell. When he or she lapses into unconsciousness, he or she might not be able to drive with a sober mind. This is because their mental power is unable to function well at that moment and they tend to lose their senses as well . We will write a custom essay sample on Causes and Ways to Reduce Fatal Accidents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides that, negligence and reckless driving also cause fatal accidents. Reckless drivers usually like to break rules and even tend to challenge the police officers. Some the drivers like to tail along ambulances during emergency cases when the siren is on. Those are the irresponsible road users that should be suspended or fined . On the other hand, talking or messaging on the mobile phones while during driving is jeopardizing your own life and the lives of your loved ones. People like to use their phones to chat incessantly and keep looking at their phones every second. Sometimes, we should limit oneself not overuse it especially when you are driving. Road users should always be caution and pay full attention while behind the wheels. In addition, exhaustion and tiredness can cause road tragedy. When a person travels long distance to reach the respective destinations, they will feel drowsy and exhausted which make them to lose focus on driving. Some of them even fall asleep behind the steering wheel. In order to avoid any untoward  tragedy, one should get enough rest before starting your jorney. Also, do not take any medicine while driving on the road. There are many ways to overcome the fatal incidents. Government should remind all road users to always adhere to speed limit and not to beat the red light. Observation of traffic rules and regulations will ensure a safe journey. Government should also launch some campaigns in order to develop awareness among the motorists. In a nutshell, all parties should play their parts efficiently in order to reduce the road accidents. All Malaysian drivers are urged to practice courtesy and consideration at all times while on the road because millions of vehicles will be sharing the same road. Remember, better to be safe than sorry.

Slave Ship free essay sample

The Slave Ship by Marcus Rediker is a great fiction novel that describes the horrifying experiences of Africans, seamen, and captains on their Journey through the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage marked the water way in the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and the Americas. The use of slaves provided a great economy for the European countries due to the fact that these African slaves provided free labor while cultivating sugar cane in the Caribbean and America. Rediker describes the slave migration by saying, There exists no account of the mechanism for historys greatest forced migration, which was in many ways the key to an entire phase of lobalization (10). This tells us that African enslavement to the Americas causes a complete shift in the balance of globalization. Africans who became enslaved were usually prisoners of war between tribes. Merchants would give goods to the chiefs of villages for these people. Men, women, and children were stripped away from their own homes by being kidnapped, as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Slave Ship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These slaves would travel up to six months to the coast of the Atlantic Ocean to reach what is known as the slave ship. From here, they were abused by having to live in a harsh environment in the Journey hrough the Middle Passage. Many slaves would not even make it to their destination, but those who did were sold to spend the rest of their life cultivated mainly sugar cane. Rediker offers new insights to human history by researching many documents to find the hard truth in this novel to how slavery was introduced in the Americas. Rediker uses his research to explain how difficult it was for Africans to be introduced to the harsh lifestyle of slavery. He uses many diaries of the slave ships captains, and even a few slaves, to bring to life the brutality that was inflicted to hese innocent people emotionally and physically on the slave ship. Africans rebelled constantly against the slave traders every chance they had. Theyre very few slaves that would escape enslavement and live a free life, while many others perished into the horrific lifestyle of slavery. Some Africans did not go without putting up a fght. For instance, Captain Tomba led many villagers in burning huts and killing neighbors who cooperated with slave traders (14). He was later captured and sent to the slave ship where he would be sold in the New World. The slaves also resisted by refusing to eat. Most of them decided they would rather have death than to live the lifestyle on the slave ships. The captains punished those who refused to eat by giving them lashes to the bare skin until they decided to eat. Olaudah Equiano could be considered one of the more fortunate Africans involved in the slave trade. Rediker uses Equiano to show how Africans were kidnapped and brought to the slave ship. Equiano was home alone with his sister when he was snatched by a neighboring enemy tribe. Tribes were kidnapping each other to sell to the slave traders for goods and even weapons. Equiano was separated from his sister and sold off to merchants before actually boarding the slave ship. He mentioned several times how he would rather die than be on the slave ship. He noticed right away that the slave ship was equipped with nettings to prevent precisely such desperate rebellion (109). Equiano went to the Americas and was left alone when none of the merchants purchased him. He was sold toa captain and He got to stay on the deck and eat better food than he had during the Middle Passage. He also befriended a young child who was one of the captains apprentices. Equiano lived a free life and became literate as he wrote his own autobiography. The fear that the seamen were cannibals was very common on the slave ships. Fear was enriched into the thoughts of these slaves because they had no idea where they were going and what was to become of them. They also did not know what to expect from the captain along with his crew. The fear of being eaten by them and abused led them to wanting death. Communication was also a key to the slaves. Many of the slaves came from different tribes, so it was hard to communicate with each other since they had different languages. When they finally became a sort of new tribe on the slave ship, they reached the end of their Journey and lost the bonds that they made when being sold off. The Middle Passage was not only harsh for the slaves, but for the ships crew, as well. James Field Stanfield was a seaman who participated in the slave trade. Like many of the crew, Stanfield occasionally boarded ships to work for cruel captains. Some captains punished his crew as often as they did the slaves. Stanfield accounts that even at one point he had to take over for the doctor and dress wounds from the ashes on slaves and even the crew. He describes the Journey through the Middle Passage as horrific. He describes the working environment by saying seamen were also forced to work when sick, sometimes with fatal consequences (148). Stanfield is a living proof of the harsh conditions watching his crew members die and be tossed overboard. Sharks played a role in the Middle Passage. Sharks were known to follow ships because of the enormous amount of dead slaves and crew members being tossed over. John Newton was a rebellious crew member who turned into a good, Christian slave ship captain. He is portrayed of being extremely rebellious at first, and develops a heart and sincerity for the slaves. He improved the living quarters for the slaves by cleaning the small rooms below the decks to prevent disease and sickness from spreading. Newton also provided better food to the slaves feeling as though he would make more money if they were in good health when reaching port. The start of abolishing slavery started and was growing rapidly in Europe due to the amount of deaths and harsh lifestyle along the Middle Passage. The relationship between shipmates and captives was also terrifying, as well. When the slaves were brought to the ships, they were stripped of their clothing. Women had to squat to hide their genital area. The ship had one general rule when keeping the slaves locked up. Rediker says that all men were manacled and shackled at the wrist and leg, women and children were left unconstrained (267). The horrifying thing about these shackles was that they stripped the flesh off of the slaves. Ships were using a significant number of the enslaved t work aboard the vessel, at a wide variety of tasks central to the shipboard economy (268). This helped he crew with the Journey and caused a lesser workload for them. Even women were used as cooks to feed the ships population. This gave the slaves more interaction with the voyage. The mortality rate decreased since the slaves were not being constantly cooped up in the small living quarters that they were placed in at first. Rediker uses this human history to describe several things. He shows throughout the gathering forces that would bring it to an end (352). This novel is portrayed as a great human history because of the way Rediker shows both sides of slavery and the Middle Passage. He shows the merchants who thought of the slaves as nothing but profit. These merchants did not care what would happen to the slaves considering that it was no loss to them if one died. He also shows how abolitionists fight the horrific lifestyle on the slave ships. Although most do not want to end slavery all together until a later date, they desired a better living environment for the slaves while aboard the slave ships. Rediker efficiently uses his research to conduct this book in showing the terror and harsh lifestyle of a slave during the slave route from Africa to the Americas in what is known as the Middle Passage.

What Is Ethnocentrism Essay Example

What Is Ethnocentrism Essay Example What Is Ethnocentrism Paper What Is Ethnocentrism Paper In America, the greatest supremacy of the world, we have the most advanced and sophisticated culture in history. The inferior British drive on the wrong side of the road, and Greeks reek of the scent of Garlic. Does garlic really smell bad? Maybe the right side is the wrong side of the road, and other countries may feel the same way about their culture as those Yankees feel about their USA. What do we call the sense of cultural superiority? Sociology has a term called ethnocentrism, which is defined as â€Å"the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture† (about sociology). Many claim that ethnocentrism occurs in every society. The opposite of ethnocentrism is multiculturalism, which is the belief that all cultures are basically equal. Ethnocentricity is essentially a double-edged sword, and has been shown to be a powerful force that exhibits both positive and negative consequences inside a cultural group. There are three major causes of why ethnocentricity exists: individuals’ different life experiences, social and political power, and economic rationale. The truth is there is no one who can wholly abstain from being ethnocentric. Since it is impossible to experience the life situations of everyone in the world, we will always base some assumptions on life built from our existing finite life experience. It must also be noted that a worldview in which someone does not consider their view as the correct one, is inconsistent as it would be admitting falseness. In a social group or culture, ethnocentrism can produce a diligent, productive, and innovative society, while unchecked or distorted ethnocentrism can lead to racism, chaos, or war. Causal support for the existence of ethnocentrism can be found in the very definition of ethnocentricity itself, â€Å"characterized by or based on the attitude that ones own group is superior† (Merriam-Webster). The belief that one’s own group is better usually brings a sense of entitlement or power. Ethnocentrically based lust of power has created numerous instances of human rights violations, wars, racial conflicts, and colonization. The power struggle in the Darfur region of Sudan is a tragic example of ethnocentricity between two groups engaging in a civil war. The battle between the totalitarian Muslim government and African rebel groups has left approximately 400,000 people dead, and millions displaced (Associated Press). The Sudanese government has been accused of supporting the Arab terrorist group Janjaweed commit genocide throughout the country with an aim to annihilate the African insurgent groups that want a larger share of influence in the Sudanese government. The ethnocentric view of national imperialism has greatly affected most developing nations around the earth. An illustration of imperialism would be the European nations’ colonization of Asian nations. After monopolizing many Asian countries resources by gaining control of their trading ports and routes, the Europeans impressed much of their cultural ideals on these nations. As a result, people living under the British came to adapt their culture to match the British perspective. The colonies’ commercial interests, education and other concepts revolved around the British. The same occurrence happened to colonies under the Dutch, French and Spanish too. 831 was the year that Alexis de Tocqueville coined the term American Exceptionalism, which refers to the belief that qualitatively the United States differs from other developed nations, on account of its unique credentials, origins, and political system. This national pride has helped the United States in the past, including declaring their independence from being a British colony, and winning the Revolutionary War. Abraham Lincoln had a pro American Exceptionalism outlook and said, â€Å"My dream is of a place and a time where America will once again be seen as the last best hope of earth. Critics of American Exceptionalism argue that the United States is not the only country founded as a republic with those ideals, and they feel that foreign policy has been economic self-interest than an actual desire to spread their ideals. A case for American Exceptionalism rationale can be made because of statistics that show that that the United States has the largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of any nation in the world at 14. 265 trillion dollars (worldsrichestcountries. com), and a Gallup poll states that Americans generally are happy,† More than 8 in 10 Americans say they are satisfied with their personal lives at this time. So while obviously there are many problems in the United States, American Exceptionalists have ethnocentric pride in their culture. Additionally, economic systems are reasons for ethnocentricity, whether it is socialism, capitalism, or communism. The majority of citizens that inhabit most socialist and capitalist countries believe that their system is better since they have not experienced living in a dissimilar economic environment. One needs to look no further than Korea for the occurrence of economic ethnocentrism. North Korea, one of the worlds most centrally directed and least open economies has a GDP of only 40 billion dollars according to the website CIA. gov. As a result of governmental control and lack of free enterprise, a large proportion of North Korean citizens suffer with poor living conditions and malnutrition which is a serious predicament. South of the border, South Korea has a more open economic policy and therefore has the 15th largest GDP in the world of 1. 364 trillion dollars. Ethnocentricity is inevitable; my very writing about the subject is from an ethnocentric point of view. Applied correctly, ethnocentrism produces a diligent, productive, and innovative society, while unchecked and perverted ethnocentrism is leading to many atrocities happening all around the world. Cultures must learn to embrace and accept other groups’ differences, and learn from the positive and useful aspects of other societies. An ethnocentric philosophy is necessary in order to recognize violations of basic human rights, and just like in science, grounded understandings are not developed from the complete absence of bias, but instead the recognition and control of biases.

Up to the thing u write Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Up to the thing u write - Essay Example Foxfire has become a hero for the people working in atrocious conditions and even puts his own life in danger when it comes to savings lives of his own group and people. Otter is fascinated by his uncle’s stories about America and wants to accompany his father and his uncle to the country. Otter thinks very highly of his uncle. His uncle talks about the social upheavals in China. He then talks about his work in America, making himself a legendary figure in China. Listening to his stories Otter thinks very highly of his uncle. He thinks that his uncle is brave and heroic to have this opportunity and to lead it. What he doesn’t realize till he steps on the land of America that his uncle was very humble to the grueling circumstances around. Uncle foxfire in fact states his acceptance of the situation in the statement above. It is so true that there are only two ways to deal with a situation at hand. Either accept the change and adapt yourself to it or change the situation as per your requirement. Initially the statement may sound heroic but as we go on reading further it is very tragic to know that the heroic spirit has bowed to the inevi tability of the situation. Only in last few chapters uncle Foxfire leaves up to the heroic spirit he has within

Introduction to Special Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introduction to Special Education - Essay Example These include reading disability, problems with expressive language, receptive language, poor hand-eye coordination, visual confusion, problems with socialization, behavioural difficulties, possible depression, social isolation, difficulties in visual motor skills, and over all learning disabilities. Each of these conditions would lead to disparate variety of educational needs for the student, and it seems none of these can be addressed at home, given the fact that Juan's mother is suffering from severe depression, and she needs Juan's help for her own care. Although his socialization, visual motor skills, and language had not developed, there is no help, supervision, or guidance at home that can help him improve. As is known, special education centres on a process of evaluation of Juan's development of skills in this area; it seems Juan is eligible for an individualized education programme. Examining the legal criteria for eligibility to be included in a special education programme, it must be stated that Juan satisfies the following criteria which qualifies him to be a child with disability. Juan is an individual between ages 3 to 22. He may have mental retardation, which has not been clearly mentioned in this case history. He has definitely established speech and language imp airment. Although he is not blind, he has visual impairment. Although there is no indication in the history about any serious emotional disturbance, from the case it is apparent that he might as well have depression. His socialization skills might have been lacking due to this. He was observed to be a loner in the class without any friends. His reticence in the class is pointing to this fact with stronger possibility. This may be due to his basic learning possibility, but a mental health assessment is necessary to rule out whether this is a mental health problem or a result of emotional disturbance. Fortunately, he does not have any orthopedic impairment. These disabilities are affecting Juan's academic performance. It appears from the very beginning, Juan was suffering from such problems, and these were affecting his learning and academic performance. Juan had severe discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability in oral expression, listening comprehension, written expression, basic reading skills, reading comprehension (Wolff Heller et al., 1996). It appeared that his mathematical calculation and mathematical reasoning was just age-appropriate. Assessing the student's needs and designing the modifications in instructions form the basis of special education. When Juan has been diagnosed with learning disability, he will need special education services, and it can also be expected that scientifically validated interventions against his problems in the rural primary school was not able to result in an expected positive response. This also indicates presence of some unique and individualized learning needs. This analysis does not point to the presumptive cause of this disability. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of the cognitive abilities, processes, and deficits in Juan must be available before a final decision. This would also need to include an assessment and correlation with the academic achievements and the forms of psychosocial functioning. His ability has been attempted to be characterised by the estimates of his IQ. For the reference of this discussion, his WISC-III profile indicated his verbal IQ to be 82 and the

Baroque of Versailles and Italian baroque Essay

Baroque of Versailles and Italian baroque - Essay Example For the Italians, this involved a number of very unique style buildings. One of the first to use this style was Carlo Manderno, whose famous designs include the Santa Susanna (1) and the Santa Maria della Vittoria. One of the finest examples of his work is in the design of the Santa Susanna. The building is just two stories tall. The lower part has a total of five tiers and the upper level has only three. The construction of all the elements are so designed so that everything points to the middle of the structure, pointing to a loggia - a simple gallery open to the air. Funny enough, he used the old Renaissance style inside the building. You can tell the difference when you cross the street into the Santa Maria della Vittoria (2), where construction was also completed by Carlo Manderno. The interior of the building reveals the expanse of the building, with three chapels separated only by arches and pillars. The style is clearly simple, very strait forward, and also a very enormous wa y of getting a point across. For example, inside is a statue depicting something from the Saint Teresa of Avila (3). The scene portrayed is of a dream she had about an angel peircing her heart with a long shaft, and filling herself with both joy and pain. She is said to be in a contorted posture and the flowing robes, very voluptous looks between -- it was the essense of the Barouque style for the Italians. The statue is larger than life, and purposefully done so. It isn't a complicated piece, just very big, very to the point. Hence the Roman Catholic Church's vision is realizes in such art and architecture -- art that should be very easy for the public to understand the meaning, and so big that it will be unforgettable and symbolizing religious themes. ( Wittkower, R. 1999) French Baroque, often called Classicism, was similar in style to the Italians as to the simplicity and more importantly, the idea that size does matter, and that grandness was to mean you had great power. (Wikipedia Website. 2007) Not all the styles transferred from Italy to France, as the openness and very frank displays of the art was not always in French taste. While the French had no problem getting on with the grandness of their architecture, they had a problem with the bluntness, and preferred slightly subdued style. There were also differences in the architectural structure, given that the French preferred mansard roofs and complex rooflines. During the reign of Louis XIV, new construction was happening to the Louvre. He invited a designer to look into completing the project, but rejected his two design ideas. Because of his focus on Versailles at the time, the Louvre construction was

A Gender Neutral Law Of Rape Criminology Essay

A Gender Neutral Law Of Rape Criminology Essay It is often taken for granted that women are naturally unequal to men, and the artificial equality of women is more in the books than in the mores of the community; we live in a world where men are taught consciously to be aggressive, and women are taught to be docile and submissive, thus seemingly convincing every woman of her docile status.  [1]  Some studies  [2]  show the hard reality of the status of women in society as a negation of the constitutional promise of equality of status and opportunity. The concept of gender justice covers the right of women against victimisation, and accordingly, gender equality would be a mere lip-service with no tangible results unless women are protected against sexual violence and rape. Time and again, the Supreme Court of India has held that mere existence is not the exercise of the right to life, but that the right to life includes the right to live with human dignity.  [3]  Thus, says Justice Anand, when crimes are committed again st women, the same should be viewed in the context of violation of her right under Art.21 of the Constitution, and not merely as a crime in rem.  [4]   The debate presented herein considers the transformation of rape laws from gender-specific to gender-neutral legislation. The author presents arguments based in feminist legal theory and sociological jurisprudence to affirm that the law of rape in India  [5]  needs to progress from its current position as a women-centric law, to a gender-neutral law, recognising male victims of rape. The claim is indeed simple: if women have a right to live with dignity, so do male members of the society, and just as rape affects and traumatises the fairer sex, so too, does rape traumatise and humiliate the stronger sex. The author presents three strains of arguments in favour of his position: firstly, that males are socialised into recognising themselves as macho; secondly, that gender-neutral definitions of rape are not necessarily a backlash against the feminist school of thought; and thirdly, that male rape victims often fall prey to the patriarchal social structure that is largely prevalent in the contemporary world. 1.2 Recognising Rape as a Gendered Term Rape is a sub-species of sexual assault, usually involving sexual intercourse, which committed by one person or a large number of persons in a group against another, without that others consent. The act may be carried out by brute force, coercion, abuse of dominant position or with a person who is unable to give consent to sexual intercourse, including a person who is unconscious, incapacitated, intoxicated or below the legal age of consent.  [6]  It includes the forced penetration of the vulva or anus of a person, using a penis or any other body parts or an object.  [7]  In her seminal work Susan Brownmiller writes: Sexual assault in our day and age is hardly restricted to forced genital copulation, nor is it an exclusively male-on[-]female offenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.And while the penis may be the rapists favourite weaponà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.And as men may invade women throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[their] orifices, so too, do they invade men. Who is to say that sexual humiliation suffered through forced oral sex or rectal penetration is a lesser violation of the personal, private inner space, a lesser injury to mind, spirit and sense of self?Similarly, the gravity of the offence ought not to be bound by the victims gender. That the law must move in this direction seems clear.  [8]   The traditional definition of rape as the penile penetration of the vagina leads to a gendered perception of the offence,  [9]  whereas the reality provides a different picture. The purpose of rape law is to protect the sexual autonomy of individuals from the risk of non-consensual penetrative sex acts.  [10]   It is arbitrary for traditional rape laws to exclude male victims by only proscribing punishment for male-on-female rape;  [11]  while it is admitted, and in fact accurate, that women are more susceptible to rape, it is not true that men are completely secure against sexual assault, or immune to the trauma and humiliation suffered therefrom. Therefore, it is arbitrary to cite minority instances as a reason against gender-neutral rape laws, and in fact, one may argue, that it is against the Constitutional mandate of equality before law, and equal protection of law.  [12]  It is not unfounded then, to expand the definition of rape to male victims, for otherwise, the criminal law fails to achieve its human rights objective of equal legal protection, and subjects men to inhuman or degrading treatment.  [13]   Mere biological differences in such cases do not constitute intelligible differentia, and neither are these differentia inextricably linked with the objective of rape-laws, as has been stated previously.  [14]  The feminist belief that the recognition of male victimisation is not the goal of rape laws  [15]  is well answered by Joceylynne Scutt, who argues: A principle of criminal law is, surely, that all persons should be protected equally from harm of like degreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦treating crimes of a like heinousnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[is] stronger thanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[distinguishing between] penetration of the female body and of the male body, whatever the sex of the actor.  [16]   1.3 Living in a Macho Society While feminists such as MacKinnon, Naffine and Novotny argue against gender-neutral definitions of rape, the necessity for such a definition cannot be ignored;  [17]  quite obviously, the existing laws have left much room for improvement.  [18]  The idea of violence, especially of the sexual kind, is so tainted by stereotypes that the first thing it usually brings to mind is a male alone as perpetrator and a female victim.  [19]  The male is almost always viewed as the aggressor, and never as a victim even in todays society.  [20]  Through the processes of socialisation, women are taught that they are constantly under the risk of sexual attack, and that they therefore need legal protection from such attack.  [21]   This pattern of thought can legitimately be challenged by plain facts that reflect the state of contemporary society today. Sexual violence against men is now a reality that cannot be ignored, as is the fact that it is indeed more prevalent than those against gender-neutral abuse definitions would like to admit.  [22]  This fact in itself changes the flow of the anti-gender neutrality debate that was until now heavily influenced by the notion that gender neutrality in defining abuse and rape are unnecessary. Hundreds of cases of male prisoners being subjected to sexual misconduct including rape have been reported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the United States of America.  [23]  This, in spite of the fact that most prisons have an unwritten and unspoken Code of Silence  [24]  that quietly but effectively discourages victims from reporting abuse to officials or administration. What is even more disquieting is that juvenile institutions are a huge part of this number. While rape itself is unimaginably horrific, the magnitude of damage that can be caused in the case of minors is alarmingly huge, and affects various areas of a persons life. The common assumption that sexual abuse of males is less harmful than that of females has dangerous implications for male victims.  [25]  It impedes their ability to live normally, and can lead to problems with intimacy, the ability to cope, and confusion regarding sexual orientation, and more dangerously, the likeliness to inflict self-harm, indulge in substance abuse and greatly reduce their quality of life.  [26]  One man who had suffered the trauma of statutory rape as a child states: I started drinking and taking drugs when I was 12à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.No one would believe me about all of the physical and sexual abuse, so when I took drugs and alcohol, I didnt even have to believe it myself. It made it easier to deal withà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I buried the [sexual abuse] with booze and drugs.  [27]   Thus, it can be seen that it is absolute erroneous judgment that gender-neutral definitions of abuse and rape are considered unnecessary, and the kind of socialisation that looks at victimisation as something women-centric is in no way beneficial to anyone at all. That social and gender roles are labelled and stereotyped is extremely detrimental to the realism and practicality that we need, as we analyse rape today to ensure that justice can be administered in the true sense of the word, whenever and wherever necessary. No system of domination is absolute, and in these terms, rape cannot be seen as the phenomenon of victimising female members of society.  [28]  What is in fact singular is that the feminist legal theorists are themselves divided among themselves on the notions of formal equality and rape-law.  [29]   The tunnel-vision view of such selective socialisation is, as Talcott Parsons has stated, one that dictates the definition of gender-normative and gender-deviant behaviour. This is especially relevant, progressively more so in todays society where the trauma of male rape is aggravated by the victims sense of societal emasculation  [30]  and an assumed fear of disbelief.  [31]  That this happens should, in itself by all logical thought be the biggest catalyst that will enable gender-neutral definitions of rape to become the most relevant and significant. What is clear is that while traditional beliefs of rape continue to exist, the law has to consider rape beyond the traditional paradigms.  [32]   1.4 Gender-Neutral Definitions not a Backlash against Feminism Feminists have taken issue with the recognition of male rape, and criticise the same as a backlash against feminism;  [33]  according to Jeanne Gregory and Sue Lees however, male rape highlights the dominant hegemonic heterosexuality that prevails in contemporary society.  [34]  Feminists have expressed outrage at the rape-law reforms in the United Kingdom leading to the promulgation of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994, recognising that men too, can be victims of rape.  [35]  The new statutory definition of rape under the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act of 2009 allows for male victims of anal rape to be legally recognised as such.  [36]   It is further submitted that gender-neutral definitions of rape merely recognise male members of society as victims of rape committed upon them by both male and female perpetrators.  [37]  Herein, gender neutrality may be stated as simply recognising that males may fall victim to rape, and in no way does it undermine the substantive equality of women.  [38]  In essence, amendment to rape laws does not change the position of the original female victims,  [39]  but rather, adds a new category of legitimate victims. It is no doubt undeniable that majority of the instances of rape are male-on-female rape; however, incidences of rape being committed by female perpetrators cannot be ignored, even if (in Canada) they form a paltry 3% of the total number of offenders (in 2007).  [40]  It is also rather easy to brush off males sexual responses in certain states of severe emotion as voluntary, whereas in reality studies have shown that males are susceptible to involuntary erections;  [41]  the belief that it is impossible for males to respond sexually when subjected to molestation by women has been contradicted.  [42]   While the importance of labelling the experiences of female rape victims is well documented, the feeling of isolation is a mutually common experience for both sexes.  [43]  Social attitudes towards male victims of rape include homophobia and further sexual assault.  [44]  The social failure in most jurisdictions to recognise female-on-male and male-on-male rape as social realities no matter how minor the instances are to classify them as freak occurrences  [45]   contributes directly to the failure of the law to empathise with male victims;  [46]  social recognition of such a reality may contribute to the legal assistance of victims in seeking redress.  [47]   An author suggests, for example, failure to recognise rape as those cases in which a woman forces a man to penetrate her vaginally, orally or anally suggests that there is something specific about being non-consensually penetrated that is more fundamentally damaging, traumatic or violating than being compelled to penetrate.  [48]  While it is naÃÆ' ¯ve to assume, in this manner, that the elements constituting rape, including consent, would be the same for both male and female victims, it is not wrong to construct identical legal remedies;  [49]  this does not also mean to say that individual victims experiences are the same, although to a large extent, they may be said to be similar.  [50]  It is therefore, time to take male-rape out of the closet  [51]  and deal with it in courts.  [52]   1.5 Male Rape Victims as Victims of a Patriarchal Set-up What is in fact true and not wholly inaccurate, is that the feminist claim of male domination is prevalent in both social as well as legal structures  [53]   this may in fact be the very reason males are prevented from coming forth as rape victims. The dominance strain of thought in feminism calls to attention the male norm in law and society is universal and unchallenged;  [54]  it may in fact be this same legal and social male norm that prevents the legal framework from understanding the trauma and humiliation suffered by victims of unconventional rape. The argument of radical feminists for dramatic social transformation and redress of the power imbalance  [55]  may well be used in favour of gender-neutral rape laws. What may in fact be an accurate representation of the present scenario is that the conventional notions of patriarchy and male dominance in social structures have a consequential negative effect on male-rape trauma; if the need of the hour is to recognise male-rape as a reality, then the radical social transformation that feminists favour is indeed necessary; gender-neutral rape laws can mellow the power relations that dominate cultures and societies today, and therefore the feminist claim of a backlash effect  [56]  against them is negated by their own arguments. In other words, what the law must aim to do is to curb the negative portrayal of male power and positive portrayal of females as victims of male dominance,  [57]  and recognise males as victims of their own social set-up. The essential social relations, as recognised by MacKinnon, between men and women is that of domination and submission, and this is the reason for the ignorance of male victimisation;  [58]  the so-called gendered power-relations that govern male-female relationships often govern male-male, and in certain instances, female-male relationships as well; the author suggest that the patriarchal social structure, system and set-up itself has led to the aggravated victimisation of male rape victims. In essence, society has silently tolerated aggression against men, while rather overtly tolerating aggression by men:  [59]  it is a part of the code of manhood to be emotionally stoic.  [60]  By positing gender-neutral rape laws, the legal system in essence recognises rape as a crime of violence, rather than a crime of sex.  [61]   1.6 Conclusion As an author states, Over the past century and a half the gendered essence of [statutory] rape has become deeply embedded in the purpose of the statute.  [62]  While it is not denied that traditionally, rape forms a part of the repertoire of strategies of control  [63]  of women by men, incidents have come to light in the recent past  [64]  where men have been subjected to the same trauma and humiliation that is suffered by women female perpetrators and male victims do exist.  [65]  The broader point is that, no category of identity, gender being merely one of the many examples, withstands the test of time;  [66]  the law is dynamic, and must change with changes in social trends. Sexual aggression leading to rape has slowly been recognised in many jurisdictions as behaviour carried out with the aim of making another person to engage in sexual activity despite his or her willingness to do so;  [67]  gradually, the trend has emerged where a passive form of sexual aggression has been attributed to women.  [68]   Bearing in mind this debate, many common law nations have largely made a move towards reforming the law of rape and inculcating aspects of gender-neutrality (by redefining consent, or otherwise), and recognising males as victims of rape by both women and other men.  [69]  The challenge presented is therefore, of gargantuan proportions: adequate protection needs to be afforded to both female and male victims of rape, and the gendered opinion of the offence needs to be transgressed; in other words, India too needs to consider an amendment of rape laws under the Indian Penal Code, 1860,  [70]  and progress towards a gender-neutral paradigm.

Sigmund Freuds Ego Defense Mechanisms Essay -- denial displacement pr

Sigmund Freud is perhaps one of the most well-known theorists in regards to the study of the human psyche. Freud’s model of the human psyche is comprised of three core elements: the Id, or the unconscious mind; things out of our awareness. The Superego, or the subconscious mind, and finally the Ego, which lies between the unconscious and subconscious. Freud proposes that there are nine ego defense mechanisms that act the ego uses in its job as the mediator between the id and the superego. In psychoanalysis, an ego defense mechanism is an unconscious personality reaction that the ego uses to protect our conscious mind from threatening feelings or perceptions. The ego defense mechanisms are as follows: denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation, and suppression. Ego defense seems to occur subconsciously – we are often not aware that we are becoming â€Å"defensive†. I believe that we use a complex of many, if not all of Freud’s ego defense mechanisms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personally, I believe regression and rationalization may be the two defense mechanisms I use most. Regression is defined as â€Å"returning to a previous stage of development†. For example, if things do not go my way and continue to do so, it might be followed by bouts of temper tantrums and mood swings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rationalization is supplying a rational or logical reason as opposed to the real reason. I have found that I use this â€Å"tactic† a lot, and was not aware of i...

My utopian society Essay

The paper describes a utopian society that is created using Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning. The basic principles and norms of family and community relationships are discussed. The paper evaluates the basics of the community’s economic and criminal justice system. My Personal Utopian Society B. F. Skinner is fairly regarded as one of the most prominent figures in behavioral psychology. His experiments and theoretical elaborations resulted in the development of a new theory of operant conditioning – the turning point in the human understanding of psychology and human behaviors. In his writings on behaviorism and operant conditioning, B. F. Skinner openly voted against punishment: even before he became a well-known psychologist, Skinner had been opposing to punishment by all possible means (O’Donohue & Ferguson, 2001). With time, Skinner came to recognize the usefulness of punishment in particular conditions an in relation to particular subjects. In his statement on punishment, Skinner wrote that â€Å"punishment is usually used to the advantage of the punisher, but there are exceptions, and they are sometimes justified† (Griffin et al, 1988). Yet, I believe that positive reinforcement is an excellent way to encourage desired/ positive behavioral reactions. According to Skinner, positive reinforcement is a superior form of modifying human behaviors compared with punishment (O’Donohue & Ferguson, 2001). That is why my utopian society will apply to positive reinforcement to promote human behaviors that are desirable and benefit the community. A utopian society based on positive reinforcement will seek to reward its members for desirable behaviors. In positive reinforcement, the reward follows behaviors and decisions which the community considers as desirable and appropriate (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2009). Positive reinforcement will keep individuals from engaging in negative / undesirable behaviors (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2009). In my society, positive reinforcement will stimulate individuals to repeat desirable behaviors. My society will have its own constitution, which will list all desirable behaviors and the ways of rewarding community members for displaying and repeating these behaviors. The society will not distinguish between different types of desirable behaviors and all rewards will be equal. Equal rewards are necessary to ensure that community members are equally committed to all types of desirable behaviors. For example, a society member who decides to work additional hours on Friday and a society member who decides to share his profits with a poor neighbor will receive equal rewards. According to the constitution, desirable behaviors will include work, participation in music and fine arts, charity and medical assistance, marriage, birth control, and collective childrearing. To avoid overpopulation, my utopian society will encourage marriages and strict birth control. Every family that manages to have no more than 2 children during the first 10 years of its marriage will receive a small material compensation. The society will not reward abortions. Families that do not have children will be able to use a surrogate mother. Surrogate mothers will serve a form of reward to families that do not have a child and desire to have one. This is the rare case where the utopian society will apply to intangible benefits to reinforce desirable behaviors in community members – surrogate mothers will be a natural reinforcement for families that do not have children but want to become parents. Children will grow in collective facilities without parents. No formal education will exist. My utopian society will make children learn from the natural environment in which they live, from their relationships with other children and the constitution. Children will return to families after they are 16 years old. By that time, they will have to learn the basic professional skills and will become the full members of the community workforce. Children who actively engage in labor activities will receive a small material compensation. The society will reward parents who send their children to the collective facilities. The society will encourage and reward human relationships and unions that are based on mutual profits and benefit community rather than promote romance or friendship. The society will organize marriages based on reason. The society will reward only reasonable marriages organized around a common professional or productive goal. Such families will receive a small material compensation. Agriculture and unskilled labor will shape the basis of the society’s economy. My society will not reward education and related activities. The society will reward only unskilled labor. Individuals will have to work 6 hours every day. Saturdays and Sundays will be free. Longer hours at work will be desirable, and the society will materially reward members’ participation in various labor activities. The society will encourage its members to participate in music and fine arts. The society will stimulate individuals to avoid unhealthy and harmful behaviors. No formal criminal justice system will exist because, due to positive reinforcement, individuals will refrain from the criminal activity. Individuals that have never committed an illegal or immoral action by the time they reach their 40th birthday will receive a small material reward. The perspective of a reward will inspire individuals to avoid behaviors that can harm the society or its members. No formal authority will exist. Because authority empowers only a small group of individuals, it may disrupt the peace and balance in the society. My utopian society will encourage self-expression and open opinions and will stimulate community members’ participation in public discussions. Participation will become a form of positive (active) reinforcement for anyone who decides to express his view. Society members will have an opportunity to test their ideas and suggestions in practice. The society will gather once a week to monitor the progress of various experiments and to judge their results. The society will reward individual participation in experiments. The society will stimulate other members to sponsor such activities. The society will refrain from applying to punishment or negative stimuli. My utopian society will promote positive reinforcement as the basic element of modifying individual behaviors. Positive reinforcement will help the members of my utopian society to refrain from harmful or undesirable behaviors. Conclusion My utopian society will utilize positive reinforcement to stimulate desirable behaviors. Positive reinforcement will ensure that community members display and repeat behaviors that benefit them and their community and, simultaneously, refrain from behaviors that can harm other society members. All rewards will be immediate and will follow the desirable behaviors. All rewards will be equal, regardless of the specific form of desirable behavior and the amount of effort put in it. In this way, the community will guarantee that residents are equally committed to all types of desirable behaviors listed in the community constitution. Positive reinforcement will help the members of my utopian society to refrain from undesirable behaviors. References Griffin, J. C. , Paisey, T. J. , Stark, M. T. & Emerson, J. H. (1988). B. F. Skinner’s position on aversive treatment. AJHR, 7, 104-105. Retrieved from http://www. judgerc. org/Griffin1988SkinnerpunishmentstatementAJMR. pdf O’Donohue, W. T. & Ferguson, K. E. (2001). The psychology of B. F. Skinner. SAGE. Zastrow, C. & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2009). Understanding human behavior and social environment. Boston: Cengage Learning.

Democracy in America essays

Democracy in America essays Richard Heffner produced this edition of De Tocquevilles book in order to abridge and edit the original work in order to appeal to a younger audience so that more people may read it and have a knowledge of the ideas presented within. Heffners introduction basically served to outline the organization of De Tocquevilles book. The first part of the critique begins with a brief description of the New Worlds dimensions, of the origins of Anglo-Americans and of democracy and the absolute sovereignty of the people. Next follows an obsolete summary of the workings of the American government, then an analysis of the books central theme: the tyranny of the majority in the United States. The second part deals with the influence of democracy or majority rule on the foundation and dynamics of American society, on how Americans think, feel, and act, and on the indispensable nature of our freedoms. Here is where Tocqueville makes his unique and prophetic contributions to contemporary thought. Tocquevilles overall concern is for the development and survival of freedom and democracy. Heffner feels that Democracy in America suffers grievously from omissions and misinterpretations that can be traced directly to the authors to easy assumptions and to his desire to summarize, interpret, and generalize. However, despite these inadequacies and subjectivity of approach, many of Tocquevilles generalizations are surprisingly shrewd and perceptive. After having seen the failed attempts at democratic government in France, Tocqueville desired to study a stable and prosperous democracy to gain insights into how it worked in order so that they might learn from our example and devise a plan to set up a democratic government that would work to suit them. Tocqueville wanted to analyze democracy in order to determine its strengths and dangers so that governments could be formed to reinforce democracy's s...

Free Essays on The Didache And Its Impact On Christian Liturgy And Discipline

The Didache and Its Impact on Christian Liturgy and Discipline The text of the Didache was a manuscript discovered by Metropolitan Bryennios in a library in Constantinople in 1873, and was later published in 1883. The work consists of two parts, the first section, known as â€Å"Two Ways,† offering teachings on the way of life versus the way of death, and the second section dealing with issues of liturgy and different understandings of church discipline (The Study of Liturgy, page 85). The Didache is the Greek word for â€Å"teach† and this text is also called the â€Å"The Teaching of the Apostles.† The date of the Didache remains unclear, but there are different proposed time lines. They are as follows: 1. The Didache is an actual document of Church Order dating back to a very early period around 80-100 or earlier 2. It is a combination of sources dating from the second century based on an older period so that the reader could gain a sense of earliest Christian life 3. The Didache is a document that consists of varied stages of development, but originated from the first century possibly as early as the year 60 (The Study of Liturgy, page 86.) The editor, Andrew Louth, of Early Christian Writings (page 189) argues that the work is from the early first century, and that it does not appear to be made to appear primitive, and that it is indeed authentic. However, other scholars argue that the Didachist, in â€Å"The Two Ways† section shows knowledge of the Gospel of Matthew and Luke that would date the text into the second century (Early Christian Fathers, page 163). Given t hese debates, it is hard to pinpoint the exact date of the text, and this leads to further debate about the authenticity of the early Christian traditions described in the writings. This seems to be a consistent struggle in doing through examination of the first century due to the lack of clarity and confirmed date of documents, and, more importantly, the lack of histo... Free Essays on The Didache And Its Impact On Christian Liturgy And Discipline Free Essays on The Didache And Its Impact On Christian Liturgy And Discipline The Didache and Its Impact on Christian Liturgy and Discipline The text of the Didache was a manuscript discovered by Metropolitan Bryennios in a library in Constantinople in 1873, and was later published in 1883. The work consists of two parts, the first section, known as â€Å"Two Ways,† offering teachings on the way of life versus the way of death, and the second section dealing with issues of liturgy and different understandings of church discipline (The Study of Liturgy, page 85). The Didache is the Greek word for â€Å"teach† and this text is also called the â€Å"The Teaching of the Apostles.† The date of the Didache remains unclear, but there are different proposed time lines. They are as follows: 1. The Didache is an actual document of Church Order dating back to a very early period around 80-100 or earlier 2. It is a combination of sources dating from the second century based on an older period so that the reader could gain a sense of earliest Christian life 3. The Didache is a document that consists of varied stages of development, but originated from the first century possibly as early as the year 60 (The Study of Liturgy, page 86.) The editor, Andrew Louth, of Early Christian Writings (page 189) argues that the work is from the early first century, and that it does not appear to be made to appear primitive, and that it is indeed authentic. However, other scholars argue that the Didachist, in â€Å"The Two Ways† section shows knowledge of the Gospel of Matthew and Luke that would date the text into the second century (Early Christian Fathers, page 163). Given t hese debates, it is hard to pinpoint the exact date of the text, and this leads to further debate about the authenticity of the early Christian traditions described in the writings. This seems to be a consistent struggle in doing through examination of the first century due to the lack of clarity and confirmed date of documents, and, more importantly, the lack of histo...

Essay for Art and Design Class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For Art and Design Class - Essay Example There is an understanding that is reached with the material Smith used to create this art work considering how she handled them in order facilitates viewer’s thought processes. Smith painted The Court House Steps in reaction to the conservation emergency created when a landlord bulldozed a boulder marked with petroglyphs from its escarpment site (Smith and Kastner 63). He delivered the culturally significant stone to the courthouse to object legal arbitrations barring him from constructing a building on his land. The jagged angles on Smith’s work might be kiva steps bulging into high-rise buildings that grow and fall. Transversely, a series of orbs converges in a solar eclipse across the center. Smith and Kastner assert that, The Court House Steps is the most traumatic of all her paintings (87)† because â€Å"it documents a world spinning out of control† (87). In this painting, Smith is seen to be lifting imagery from the natural world, and then changing it into modernism via abstraction. Her inhabited landscapes show the infinite human conflict over disputed lands. Her painting fuses modernist color and techniques with her unique visual vocabulary of crashing lines in a stirred expression of the human spirit. The work establishes Smith’s artistic voice, grounding it in modern abstraction, where she extends her native tradition through images of plants, animals and humans to bring the message home. The idea that smith was communicating was that the petroglyphs were subjected to individual coming in and shooting in that area – getting rid of the petroglyphs from the lava escarpment. The Court House Steps is about uniting the traditional values in a very modern and fast changing world. In this painting smith informs us that world is complex and things will be changing very rapidly so we must prepare for the change and sometimes predict it. And we must work in a mixed way with some new things or ideally add in

Equality, Diversity and Difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equality, Diversity and Difference - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that, â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.† However, as this definition does not relate to any law, various nations across the globe have put a legal standpoint to the definition of equality. ‘Equality’ (or ‘equal’) signifies correspondence between a group of different objects, persons, processes or circumstances that have the same qualities in at least one respect, but not all respects, i.e., regarding one specific feature, with differences in other features. Therefore, striving to achieve equality is generally defined as â€Å"the incorporation of Equal Opportunities issues into all actions, programmes, and policies from the outset†. As equality has been a cause of global concern, the new age government keep this aspect in mind each time when they consider a new policy or a law. When we look back historically, we know that human beings have always had the tendency to dominate over the weak. This resulted in the creation of a social structure where some sections became the privileged and other sections were considered less-equality. This craving for power and dominance started contributing to a society where inequality started existing. For example, areas of residences of various groups were demarcated. The affluent and dominating section of the society tried to ensure that the laymen do not live near to their places of residence To clarify further, we can also define equality in terms of non-discrimination. Equality means the absence of discrimination, and upholding the principle of non-discrimination between groups will produce equality. Therefore, discrimination can be defined as any act that denies equality that an individual or a group wishes for. It is widely accepted that equality and non-discrimination are positive and negative statements of the same principle.

Development a strategy for InteCom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development a strategy for InteCom - Essay Example The firm was established recently in 1978 and as of 1982, it has a 1% US market share. The US market is dominated by firms such as AT&T, Northern Western and Rolm and InteCom is ranked at the 13th position, among the lowest. The market is expected to grow by 7 % till 1988 and the demand would be for large digital systems. InteCom has a robust product called the IBX S/ 40 digital systems. This product is based on digital technology and does not have problems of ‘Blocking’ that other product suffer from. It also has an open architecture and allows easy integration with foreign language systems, other than English, something other products do not have. Among different segments in the PBX market, there is a growth forecast for large customers line segment. While the US market has a lot of competition, the overseas market has double the demand. InteCom is very well positioned to enter the domestic and international markets with its IBX S/40 systems. The company suffers from low branding and it needs to improve its wage structure and the HR policies. The strategy report has performed a detailed SWOT analysis to understand the current market situation and has framed some strategic objectives along with vision and goals. Details of the strategy implementation are also given The strategic plan provides a blueprint for the objectives for the future. The plan analyses the current business environment and frames the strategic goals that are to be achieved. Risk and opportunity areas are analysed to form an understanding of the market and then a vision is framed. The strategic plan has to be iterative and would have to be updated as and when fresh market inputs become available. A broad based framework for strategic planning is illustrated in the following figure (Moorman, 1998). A strategic plan would have clearly defined sections such as Executive Summary; Strategic Planning Methodology; Current Situation; Target End-State;

Corporate Governance Essay Example for Free

Corporate Governance Essay 1. Business Decision; that compares the costs and benefits of manufacturing a product or product component against purchasing it. If the purchase price is higher than what it would cost the manufacturer to make it, or if the manufacturer has excess capacity that could be used for that product, or the manufacturers suppliers are unreliable, then the manufacturer may choose to make the product. This assumes the manufacturer has the skills and equipment necessary, access to raw materials, and the ability to meet its own product standards. A company who chooses to make rather than buy is at risk of losing alternative sources, design flexibility, and access to technological innovations. Determination whether to produce a component part internally or to buy it from an outside supplier. This decision involves both qualitative and quantitative factors. Qualitative considerations include product quality and the necessity for long-run. Business relationships with subcontractors. Quantitative factors deal with cost. The quantitative effects of the make-or-buy decision are best seen through the relevant cost approach. 2. They Budget for many reasons; to control spending, to set goals, to control the direction of the company, and to run effectively. Controlling spending is an obvious reason. Setting goals is another. For instance, if x department meets a goal, they may get a budget increase (which can lead to an increase in wages for that department). Allocating monies to a department makes that department want to be more efficient with their money. Budget managers can control the direction of the company by giving or not giving money to certain parts of the company. For instance, in an oil company, a budget manager might give a lot of money to the Exploration department to find new oil, but cut back on the Logistics department. Budgeting is a great way to both force a company to run efficiently and to find out if they are actually doing it. If a department or region is consistently over-budget, they will need to be looked at as to why. If another region is consistently under-budget, maybe they are being allocated too many resources that could go somewhere else. DELOITTE 3. Company boards, executives, and management are investing more and more time and resources on issues of sustainability such as carbon (greenhouse gas emissions), energy efficient technology, water use, cleantech, and biodiversity, to name just a few. An important part of the global push towards sustainability practices involves a need to account for, and report on, sustainability sometimes referred to as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting. On this page, we maintain a history of developments in sustainability reporting requirements and practices, tracking its gradual adoption on both a voluntary and mandatory basis, and also consider the wider integrated reporting initiative being led by the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC). International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) (previously the International Integrated Reporting Committee) was formed in August 2010 and aims to create a globally accepted framework for accounting for sustainability, bringing together financial, environmental, social and governance information in an integrated format. The IIRC brings together a cross section of representatives from corporate, investment, accounting, securities, regulatory, academic and standard-setting sectors as well as civil society. It comprises a Steering Committee, a Working Group and a three taskforces (dealing with content development, engagement and communications, and governance). The IIRC is chaired by Professor Mervyn King, Chairman, King Committee on Corporate Governance and Former Chairman, Global Reporting Initiative. Membership includes Hans Hoogervorst (IASB Chairman), Leslie Seidman (FASB Chairperson), Maria Helena Santana, (Chairperson, IOSCO Executive Committee), Gà ¶ran Tidstrà ¶m (IFAC President), Jim Quigley (former global Chief Executive Officer of Deloitte), and many others. Paul Druckman is Chief Executive Officer. The objectives for an integrated reporting framework are to: * support the information needs of long-term investors, by showing the broader and longer-term consequences of decision-making * reflect the interconnections between environmental, social, governance and financial factors in decisions that affect long-term performance and condition, making clear the link between sustainability and economic value * provide the necessary framework for environmental and social factors to be taken into account systematically in reporting and decision-making * rebalance performance metrics away from an undue emphasis on short term financial performance * bring reporting closer to the information used by management to run the business on a day-to-day basis. * The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has released a finalised prototype of its integrated reporting framework and reaffirmed the expected timing of the issue of a consultative document as it moves towards finalisation of the framework by the end of 2013. * The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) has launched an Integrated Reporting Emerging Practice Examples Database, which contains integrated reporting examples from businesses around the world.

Social Issues Essay -- essays research papers

The democratic society consist of the working class, it determines how much money they gain or how much tax they will be paying for the year. So they’d wanted o chose a candidate that will benefit them. He democratic society also seemed like it wanted to be heard in this year’s election. They spent million of dollars on making ads, posters, and billboards that would interest the average middle class citizen to go out and vote. The democratic society also was aware that the republicans were going to meet this election head on because a democratic had served two terms in office, and they are very anxious to change that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another significance that the elections have in a democratic society is that it made people pay more attention to what each candidate was saying. The democratic candidate didn’t nessariarly have to be voted for, that is if he wasn’t promising what we was looking for. But majority of the time it doesn’t happen that way, and the democratic society votes in a fellow democratic into office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final significance about a democratic society in elections is that the majority of the democratic society is in the middle class. They want someone that will make their lives better. After getting a pay raise, or better working conditions, from a democratic present the last eight years, it would be close to impossible to not support a fellow democratic if he is running for office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, the Democratic Party has not always been as strong as it is today. In the 1950s and the early 1960s, the Democrats far outnumbered Republicans and despite their lower turnout, were successful at both the state and national levels. (150) Democrats have won one in five presidential elections since 1964, and in 1980, for the first time in twenty-four years. Although proportion of â€Å"strong Democrats† has dropped sharply, and voting defection from party devotion has increased at all levels. (150) Democratic candidates can no longer count on almost automatic majorities among urban workers, white southerners, union members, and members of certain ethnic and religious groups. This wearing away of traditional voting support cannot easily be explained by some momentary event or prominent personality. (151) Conflict over race within the Democratic Party is not a new phenomenon.   Ã‚   ... ...gations too, along with the pain and embarrassment of losing the election and the victory of winning the election.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The presidential candidate that I had planned on and voted for is in deed Vice-president Al Gore. I agree with what he represents, and from what he is campaigning, it seems as if he will help me with financial aid to attend school. And I also believe that he will keep minimum wage at a reasonable rate, because with these things thing, life as I know it would be the same. The issues that he addresses throughout the whole election are issue that I am very interested in. But the main reason why I believe that Vice-President Al Gore would make is an excellent chose for President of the United States of America because he has been in office with President Clinton for the last eight years, and I have seem nothing but progress for the United States of America. By President Clinton’s side, he has help make the country a little better for every race, culture and different income class. That is the type of work that I want to continue in the United States now and fou r years from now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Six Sigma Question Paper

MGT 561 – Operations Management Exam B Student Name: ____________________________Date: _________ Operations and Productivity (each question is worth 1 point) 1) Manufacturing and service organizations differ chiefly because manufacturing is goods-oriented and service is act-oriented. TrueFalse 2) Operations, marketing, and finance need to function independently of each other in most organizations if they are to be truly effective as an organization. TrueFalse 3) â€Å"How much inventory of this item should we have? † is within the critical decision area of quality management? TrueFalse 4) Customer interaction is often high for manufacturing processes, but low for services. TrueFalse 5) Productivity is the total value of outputs produced divided by the total value of all inputs to the transformation process. TrueFalse The operations function includes which of the following activities. a) forecasting b) capacity planning c) scheduling d) managing inventories e) all of the above Manufacturing-related jobs are decreasing in America for which of the following reasons. a) global competition b) technology advances ) because manufacturing workers in California earn $25K/yr less than service workers d) a and b e) b and c Which of the following is not a typical service attribute? a) easy to store b) intangible product c) customer interaction is high d) simultaneous production and consumption e) difficult to resell Operations Strategy in a Global Environment (each question is worth 1 point) One reason to globalize is to learn to improve operations. TrueFalse 10) Dec isions that involve what is to be made and what is to be purchased fall under the heading of supply chain management. TrueFalse The use of a SWOT analysis is only applicable to manufacturing organizations? TrueFalse The product life cycle phases include introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. TrueFalse Which of the following is true about business strategies? a) an organization should maintain its strategy for the life of the business b) all firms within an industry will adopt the same strategy c) well defined missions make strategy development much easier d) strategies are formulated independently of SWOT analysis e) organizational strategies depend on operations strategies The ability of an organization to produce services that, by utilizing the consumer’s five senses, have some uniqueness in their characteristics is a) mass production b) time-based competition c) differentiation d) flexible response e) experience differentiation Which of the following is the best example of competing on low-cost leadership? a) a firm produces its product with less raw material waste than its competitors b) a firm offers more reliable products than its competitors c) a firm’s products are introduced into the market faster than its competitors d) a firm advertises less than its competitors Which of these is not one of the characteristics of high return on investment organizations? a) high product quality b) high capacity utilization c) low investment intensity d) low direct cost per unit e) global location Design of Goods and Services (each question is worth 1 point) Studies confirm that firms considered to be industry leaders typically generate 15-20 percent of their overall sales from new products released over the last 5 years. True False 18) QFD stands for quality for development. True False Value analysis focuses on design improvement during production. True False 20) The analysis tool that helps determine what products to develop, and by what strategy, by listing products in descending order of their individual dollar contribution to the firm is a) decision tree analysis b) pareto analysis c) breakeven analysis d) product-by-value analysis e) product life cycle analysis 21) Quality function deployment a) determines what will satisfy the customer b) translates customer desires into the target design c) is used early in the design process d) is used to determine where to deploy quality efforts e) all of the above 2) Which of the following is true concerning CAD? a) accurate information flows to other departments b) most product costs are determined at the design stage c) design options are easier to review before final commitments are made d) virtually all products have their development cycle shortened e) all of the above are true The dimensions, tolerances, materials, and finishes of a component are typically shown on a (an) a) eng ineering drawing b) bill of material c) statement of work d) work order e) none of the above Managing Quality (each question is worth 1 point) 4) An international quality standard developed to establish commonly accepted procedures to manage product quality is ISO 9000. True False 25) Statistical process control, one of the tools of total quality management, uses statistics and control charts to evaluate processes. True False 26) The concept of selecting best practices to use as a standard for performance is referred to as a quality circle. True False 27) Generally speaking, the cost of quality represents the cost of doing things wrong, that is, the price of nonconformance. True False 8) Which of the following is not one of the major categories of costs associated with quality? a) prevention costs b) appraisal costs c) internal failures d) external failures e) none of the above, they are all major categories of costs 29) A successful total quality management (TQM) program incorporat es all of the following except: a) continuous improvement b) employee involvement c) benchmarking d) centralized decision-making authority e) none of the above 30) The â€Å"four M’s† of cause-and-effect diagrams are a) material/machinery/manpower/methods b) material/methods/men/mental attitude ) material/management/manpower/motivation d) none of the above Supply Chain Management (each question is worth 1 point) 31) The objective of the make-or-buy decision is to help identify the products and services that should be purchased externally or made internally. TrueFalse Because service firms do not acquire goods and services externally, their supply chain management issues are insignificant. TrueFalse Blanket orders are a long-term purchase commitment to a supplier for items that are to be delivered against short-term releases to ship. TrueFalse 34) One of the keys to effective supply chain management includes developing â€Å"long-term partnerships† with key suppliers. TrueFalse 35) Standardization is the process of increasing the number of variations in materials and components to assist in supply chain’s efforts to enlarge their supplier base. TrueFalse In supply chain management, ethical issues a) are particularly important because of the enormous opportunities for abuse b) may be guided by company rules and codes of conduct ) become more complex with the increasing trend toward global suppliers d) may be guided by the standards of the Institute for Supply Management e) all of the above are true An approach that seeks efficiency of operations through the integration of all material acquisitions, movement, and storage activities is a) integration b) logistics management c) line balancing d) product design e) none of the above Inventory Management (each question is worth 1 point) 38) One function of inventory is take advantage of quantity discounts TrueFalse 9) ABC analysis is based on the presumption that carefully controlling all items is necessary to produce important inventory savings. TrueFalse 40) In cycle counting, the frequency of item counting and stock verification usually varies from item to item depending upon the item’s ABC classification. TrueFalse 41) Insurance and taxes on inventory are part of the costs known as setup or ordering costs. TrueFalse 42) Most inventory models attempt to minimize a) total inventory based costs b) the number of orders placed c) the safety stock ) the likelihood of a stockout e) the number of items ordered 43) The major purpose of safety stock is to a) replace failed units with good ones b) eliminate the possibility of a stockout c) eliminate the likelihood of a stockout due to erroneous inventory tally d) control the likelihood of a stockout due to the variability of demand during lead time e) protect the firm from a sudden d ecrease in demand 44) The following are inventory models for independent demand a) basic economic order quantity (EOQ) b) production order quantity c) quantity discount model ) a and b only e) a, b, and c JIT and Lean Production Systems (each question is worth 1 point) 45) In a JIT system, product inspection adds value by identifying defective items. True False 46) Because most services cannot be inventoried, there is little place for JIT to help service organizations achieve competitive advantage. True False Kanban is the Japanese word for card that has come to mean â€Å"signal† in JIT terminology. TrueFalse Setup time reductions are not a key aspect of an effective lean production system. True False 9) If the goals of JIT partnerships are met, which of the following is a result? a) for incoming goods, receiving activity and inspection are outsourced b) in-transit inventory falls as suppliers are located closer to facilities c) the number of suppliers increases d) in-plant inventory replaces in-transit inventory e) all of the above are consequences of meeting the JIT partnership goals 50) Which of the following is not a layout tactic in a JIT environment? a) work cells for families of products b) fixed equipment c) minimizing distance d) little space for inventory e) poka-yoke devices